![]() ![]() ![]() Given the relatively recent differentiation of these genera (4–6 million years ago (Myr ago), this constitutes an extraordinarily fast rate of karyotype change. The four gibbon genera ( Nomascus, Hylobates, Hoolock and Symphalangus) occupy different regions of southeast Asia and bear distinctive karyotypes, with diploid chromosome numbers ranging from 38 to 52 ( Fig. Gibbons have several distinctive traits, the most striking of which is the unusually high number of large-scale chromosomal rearrangements in comparison to the inferred ancestral ape karyotype 2. ![]() Finally, we identify signatures of positive selection in genes important for forelimb development ( TBX5) and connective tissues ( COL1A1) that may have been involved in the adaptation of gibbons to their arboreal habitat. We further show that the gibbon genera ( Nomascus, Hylobates, Hoolock and Symphalangus) experienced a near-instantaneous radiation ∼5 million years ago, coincident with major geographical changes in southeast Asia that caused cycles of habitat compression and expansion. We describe the propensity for a gibbon-specific retrotransposon (LAVA) to insert into chromosome segregation genes and alter transcription by providing a premature termination site, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism for the genome plasticity of the gibbon lineage. Here we present the assembly and analysis of a northern white-cheeked gibbon ( Nomascus leucogenys) genome. Gibbons are small arboreal apes that display an accelerated rate of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangement and occupy a key node in the primate phylogeny between Old World monkeys and great apes. Nature volume 513, pages 195–201 ( 2014) Cite this article by 1887 the palace offered 3 month old kulmbacher bock, cream steam lager, and 1 year old porter.Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes it seems that schuler sold to ruthardt, opened a brewery a few blocks away, and the drove him out of business. he started the alameda brewery in 1881, a few blocks from where he started the palace, until about 1886 when victor ruthardt owned it. This wasn't schuler's first brewery though. 15 gallons of the regular stuff went for $3 while the aged porter was $4, both delivered free in alameda. henry schuler held the palace's grand opening in 1885 with bock and 2 year old porter. Some more legwork back in alameda revealed that the palace brewery was on central ave between 5th and 6th. if prohibition didn't get 'em double-u double-u two did. golden west had swallowed all of them up at one time or another, but that's the way most of the american breweries went. Upstairs i looked through a card catalog of local junk and found reference to the oakland brewery, the golden west brewery, the brooklyn brewery, raspillier brewery(may be berkeley though), kramm brewery, and the palace brewery of ALAMEDA brewery founded 1881. read some interesting stuff in siebel's history of brewing in america. i found mention of a few breweries in oakland, but nothing in alameda. i took the boy home, this had all started as a long bike ride, and headed off to the oakland main library.įirst i read some american brewers association books from 1911. ![]() on my way out, front desk guy asked me how it went, then suggested i speak to mr. she looked in a file of newspaper clippings, found none, and said to try the oakland history room at the main library. i mentioned that i knew of a closed brewery called the tied house, but i figured that there was probably someone brewing between the gold rush and prohibition. the research desk er um person looked at me cockeyed when i told her i was looking for the history of brewing in alameda. guy at the front desk sent me up to the research desk. I went to the alameda free library to research brewing in alameda. ![]()
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